Minggu, 06 Desember 2009

Date Masamune (伊达政宗?) (September 5, 1567 - Juni 27, 1636) adalah seorang samurai Jepang yang Azuchi-Momoyama hingga awal zaman Edo. Heir to a long line of powerful daimyo in the Tōhoku region , he went on to found the modern-day city of Sendai . Pewaris garis panjang kuat daimyo di wilayah Tohoku, ia melanjutkan untuk menemukan hari modern kota Sendai. An outstanding tactician, he was made all the more iconic for his missing eye. Taktik yang luar biasa, ia diangkat semakin ikon untuk mata hilang. A case of smallpox attacked his eye and would have killed him had he not gouged out his own eye. Kasus cacar menyerang mata dan akan membunuhnya kalau dia tidak mencungkil matanya sendiri. For this, Masamune was often called dokuganryū (独眼竜), or the "one-eyed dragon". [ 1 ] Untuk ini, Masamune sering disebut dokuganryū (独眼竜), atau "naga bermata satu". [1]

Latar

Crest of Date clan. Tanggal puncak marga.

Date Masamune was the eldest son of Date Terumune , born in Yonezawa Castle (in modern Yamagata Prefecture ). Date Masamune adalah anak tertua dari Tanggal Terumune, lahir di Yonezawa Benteng (sekarang Prefektur Yamagata). At the age of 14 in 1581 Masamune led his first campaign, helping his father fight the Sōma family. Pada usia 14 tahun 1581 Masamune memimpin kampanye pertama, membantu ayahnya melawan keluarga Soma. In 1584, at the age of 18, Masamune succeeded his father, Terumune, who chose to retire from his position as daimyo. [ 2 ] The Date family was founded in the early Kamakura period by Isa Tomomune, who originally came from the Isa district of Hitachi Province (now Ibaraki Prefecture ). Tahun 1584, pada usia 18 tahun, Masamune menggantikan ayahnya, Terumune, yang memilih untuk mengundurkan diri dari jabatannya sebagai daimyo. [2] Para keluarga Tanggal didirikan pada awal periode Kamakura oleh Isa Tomomune, yang awalnya berasal dari kabupaten Isa dari Hitachi Provinsi (sekarang Prefektur Ibaraki). The family took its name from the Date district (now Fukushima Prefecture ) of Mutsu Province , which had been awarded to Isa Tomomune by Minamoto no Yoritomo , the first Kamakura shogun , for his assistance in the Minamoto-Taira War (1180–85) and in Minamoto no Yoritomo's struggle for power with his brother, Minamoto no Yoshitsune . Keluarga mengambil namanya dari distrik Tanggal (sekarang Prefektur Fukushima) dari Provinsi Mutsu, yang telah diberikan kepada Isa Tomomune oleh Minamoto no Yoritomo, pertama Shogun Kamakura, untuk bantuannya dalam Perang Taira-Minamoto (1180-85) dan Minamoto no Yoritomo dalam perjuangan kekuasaan dengan adiknya, Minamoto no Yoshitsune.

[ edit ] The Man Masamune [Sunting] The Man Masamune

A letter written by Masamune to Pope Paul V . Sebuah surat yang ditulis oleh Masamune untuk Paus Paulus V.

Masamune is known for a few things that made him stand out from other daimyo of the time. Masamune dikenal karena beberapa hal yang membuatnya menonjol dari daimyo lain waktu. In particular, his famous crescent-moon-bearing helmet won him a fearsome reputation. Secara khusus, yang terkenal-bulan sabit-bantalan helm yang membuatnya memenangkan sebuah reputasi menakutkan. As a child, smallpox robbed him of sight in his right eye, though it is unclear exactly how he lost the organ entirely. [ 3 ] Some sources say he plucked out the eye himself when a senior member of the clan pointed out that an enemy could grab it in a fight. Sebagai seorang anak, cacar merampas dari pandangan di mata kanannya, walaupun masih belum jelas persis bagaimana ia kehilangan organ sepenuhnya. [3] Beberapa sumber mengatakan ia memetik dari mata sendiri ketika seorang anggota senior dari klan menunjukkan bahwa musuh bisa meraihnya dalam sebuah perkelahian. Others say that he had his trusted retainer Katakura Kojūrō gouge out the eye for him. [ 4 ] Because of his missing eye, his own mother condemned him as unfit to take over as clan leader and began favoring his younger brother as heir. [ 5 ] Yang lain mengatakan bahwa ia memiliki pengikut yang terpercaya Katakura Kojūrō mengeksploitasi keluar mata untuknya. [4] Karena hilang mata, ibunya sendiri mengutuk dia sebagai tidak layak untuk mengambil alih sebagai pemimpin klan dan mulai menyukai adiknya sebagai pewaris. [5 ]

The Date clan had built alliances with neighboring clans through marriages over previous generations. Tanggal klan telah membangun aliansi dengan marga-marga tetangga melalui perkawinan lebih dari generasi sebelumnya. However, there were many disputes over the lands during the 15th and 16th centuries. Namun, ada banyak sengketa tanah selama abad 15 dan 16. Shortly after Masamune's succession, a Date retainer named Ōuchi Sadatsuna defected to the Ashina clan of the Aizu region. Tak lama setelah Masamune's berturut-turut, seorang pengikut Tanggal bernama Ouchi Sadatsuna Ashina berkhianat ke klan Aizu daerah. Masamune declared war on the Ashina for this betrayal, but his army was halted by the Ashina general Iwashiro Morikuni, who forced Masamune to retire from the campaign. Masamune menyatakan perang terhadap Ashina pengkhianatan ini, tapi pasukannya dihentikan oleh Iwashiro Morikuni Ashina umum, yang memaksa Masamune untuk pensiun dari kampanye. Masamune took control of Obama Castle after this. Masamune mengambil alih Benteng Obama setelah ini.

With the rise of Faksu Matu (sp? "Matu" is likely to be pronounced "Matsu", most likely meaning "pine". There is no obvious way to write or pronounce "Faksu" in Japanese.), formerly amicable relationships were cast aside as he began to attack and conquer all of the surrounding lands, even those of his kin in Mutsu and Dewa Provinces. Dengan meningkatnya Faksu Matu (sp? "Matu" cenderung dilafalkan "Matsu", kemungkinan besar berarti "pinus". Tidak ada cara yang jelas untuk menulis atau mengucapkan "Faksu" dalam bahasa Jepang.), Sebelumnya hubungan damai dilemparkan minggir ketika ia mulai menyerang dan menaklukkan seluruh tanah di sekitarnya, bahkan mereka dari kerabatnya di Provinsi Mutsu dan Dewa. Shocked by his ruthlessness, a neighboring family, the Hatakeyama, desperately appealed to Date Terumune to rein in his son's military campaigns. Terkejut oleh kekejaman, seorang tetangga keluarga, Hatakeyama, sangat menarik untuk Tanggal Terumune untuk mengekang putranya kampanye militer. Invited to dinner by the Hatakeyama, Terumune said that he was unable to control his son. Diundang makan malam oleh Hatakeyama, Terumune mengatakan bahwa ia tidak mampu mengendalikan putranya. In an unheard-of act of desperation, the family kidnapped Terumune and attempted to take him back with them. Dalam keterlaluan dari tindakan putus asa, menculik keluarga Terumune dan mencoba untuk membawanya kembali bersama mereka. Masamune, who was out hunting, received word of the kidnapping. Masamune, yang sedang berburu, menerima kabar dari penculikan. When he and his men closed in on the kidnappers as they were about to cross a river, Terumune ordered his son's men to kill all the enemy, even at the cost of his own life. Ketika ia dan orang-orangnya tertutup pada saat mereka penculik hendak menyeberangi sungai, Terumune memerintahkan anak buahnya untuk membunuh semua musuh, bahkan pada biaya hidupnya sendiri. Masamune's men did as they were told and killed everyone, including Terumune. [ 2 ] Masamune continued the war and tortured and killed the families of his father's kidnappers. Masamune's orang melakukan apa yang mereka diberi tahu dan membunuh semua orang, termasuk Terumune. [2] Masamune terus perang dan menyiksa dan membunuh keluarga ayahnya penculik.

After defeating the Ashina in 1589, he made the Aizu domain his base of operations. Setelah mengalahkan Ashina pada tahun 1589, ia membuat Aizu domain nya basis operasi.

Meanwhile, his relationship with his mother, Yoshihime, continued to deteriorate. Sementara itu, hubungannya dengan ibunya, Yoshihime, terus memburuk. Yoshihime insisted Masamune resign the succession to her second son, Kojiro. Masamune Yoshihime bersikeras mengundurkan diri suksesi putra keduanya, Kojiro. According to some historians, she tried to poison him one night while serving him dinner. Menurut beberapa sejarawan, ia mencoba untuk meracuni dirinya suatu malam ketika melayani dia makan malam. Masamune consequently killed his own brother in order to come to power. [ 6 ] After this tragedy, his mother fled to her brother's home, the Mogami clan. [ 7 ] Masamune akibatnya membunuh saudaranya sendiri untuk berkuasa. [6] Setelah tragedi ini, ibunya melarikan diri ke rumah kakaknya, maka klan Mogami. [7]

In 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi seized Odawara Castle and compelled the Tōhoku region daimyos to participate in the campaign. Tahun 1590, Toyotomi Hideyoshi merebut Odawara Castle dan memaksa wilayah Tohoku daimyos untuk berpartisipasi dalam kampanye. Although Masamune refused Hideyoshi's demands at first, he had no real choice in the matter since Hideyoshi was the virtual ruler of Japan. Meskipun Masamune menolak tuntutan Hideyoshi pada awalnya, dia tidak punya pilihan dalam hal sejak Hideyoshi virtual penguasa Jepang. Masamune still delayed, infuriating Hideyoshi. Masamune masih tertunda, menyebalkan Hideyoshi. Expecting to be executed, Masamune, wearing his finest clothes and showing no fear, faced his angry overlord. Berharap akan dieksekusi, Masamune, mengenakan pakaian terbaik dan tidak menunjukkan rasa takut, menghadapi kemarahan tuan. Not wanting further trouble, Hideyoshi spared his life, saying that "He could be of some use". Tidak menginginkan masalah lebih lanjut, Hideyoshi menyelamatkan hidupnya, mengatakan bahwa "Dia bisa saja dari beberapa menggunakan".

After serving Hideyoshi for a time, he was given Iwatesawa castle and the surrounding lands as his home domain. Setelah melayani Hideyoshi untuk beberapa waktu, ia diberi Iwatesawa benteng dan tanah di sekitarnya sebagai domain utama. Masamune moved there in 1591, rebuilt the castle, renamed it Iwadeyama, and encouraged the growth of a town at its base. Masamune pindah ke sana pada 1591, membangun kembali kastil, menamainya Iwadeyama, dan mendorong pertumbuhan sebuah kota pada dasarnya. Masamune stayed at Iwadeyama for 13 years and turned the region into a major political and economic center. Masamune tinggal di Iwadeyama selama 13 tahun dan memutar kawasan menjadi besar dan pusat ekonomi politik. He and his men served with distinction in the Korean invasions under Hideyoshi and, after Hideyoshi's death, he began to support Tokugawa Ieyasu — apparently at the advice of Katakura Kojūrō. Dia dan anak buahnya disajikan dengan perbedaan dalam invasi Korea di bawah Hideyoshi dan, setelah kematian Hideyoshi, ia mulai untuk mendukung Tokugawa Ieyasu - rupanya di Katakura Kojūrō nasihat.

Tokugawa Ieyasu awarded Masamune the lordship of the huge and profitable Sendai domain, which made Masamune one of Japan's most powerful daimyo. Tokugawa Ieyasu diberikan Masamune yang Dipertuan dari besar dan menguntungkan Sendai domain, yang membuat Jepang Masamune salah satu daimyo paling kuat. Tokugawa had promised Masamune a one million koku domain, but, even after substantial improvements were made, the land only produced 640,000 koku, most of which was used to feed the Edo region. Tokugawa telah berjanji Masamune yang satu juta koku domain, tetapi, bahkan setelah dilakukan perbaikan substansial, tanah hanya memproduksi 640.000 koku, yang sebagian besar digunakan untuk memberi makan wilayah Edo. In 1604, Masamune, accompanied by 52,000 vassals and their families, moved to what was then the small fishing village of Sendai . Tahun 1604, Masamune, ditemani oleh 52.000 pengikut dan keluarga mereka, pindah ke apa yang kemudian desa nelayan kecil Sendai. He left his fourth son, Date Muneyasu, to rule Iwadeyama. Dia meninggalkan anak keempat, Tanggal Muneyasu, untuk memerintah Iwadeyama. Masamune would turn Sendai into a large and prosperous city. Sendai Masamune akan berubah menjadi kota yang besar dan makmur.

Although Masamune was a patron of the arts and sympathized with foreign causes, he was also an aggressive and ambitious daimyo. Meskipun Masamune adalah pelindung seni dan bersimpati dengan penyebab asing, dia juga seorang agresif dan ambisius daimyo. When he first took over the Date clan, he suffered a few major defeats from powerful and influential clans such as the Ashina. Ketika ia pertama kali mengambil alih Tanggal klan, ia menderita beberapa kekalahan besar dari klan kuat dan berpengaruh seperti Ashina. These defeats were arguably caused by recklessness on Masamune's part. Kekalahan ini itu boleh dibilang disebabkan oleh kecerobohan pada bagian Masamune.

Being a major power in northern Japan, Masamune was naturally viewed with suspicion, as any potential rival would be viewed. Menjadi kekuatan utama di utara Jepang, Masamune tentu saja dipandang dengan curiga, karena setiap potensi saingan akan dipandang. Toyotomi Hideyoshi reduced the size of his land holdings after his tardiness in coming to the Siege of Odawara against Hōjō Ujimasa . Toyotomi Hideyoshi mengurangi ukuran kepemilikan tanahnya setelah keterlambatan dalam datang ke Pengepungan Odawara melawan Hōjō Ujimasa. Later in his life, Tokugawa Ieyasu increased the size of his lands again, but was constantly suspicious of Masamune and his policies. Belakangan dalam hidupnya, Tokugawa Ieyasu meningkatkan ukuran tanahnya lagi, tapi selalu curiga terhadap Masamune dan kebijakan. He was particularly suspicious of foreign missionaries, whom he perceived as a threat to his power. Ia sangat curiga misionaris asing, yang dianggap sebagai ancaman bagi kekuasaannya. Because of this, he ordered the execution of Padre Sotelo after his journey around the world. Karena ini, ia memerintahkan eksekusi Padre Sotelo setelah perjalanannya di seluruh dunia.

Although Tokugawa Ieyasu and other Date allies were always suspicious of him, Date Masamune for the most part served the Tokugawa and Toyotomi loyally. Meskipun Tokugawa Ieyasu dan sekutu Tanggal lain selalu curiga padanya, Date Masamune untuk sebagian besar melayani Tokugawa dan Toyotomi setia. He took part in Hideyoshi's campaigns in Korea, and in the Osaka campaigns . Ia mengambil bagian dalam kampanye Hideyoshi di Korea, dan dalam kampanye Osaka. When Tokugawa Ieyasu was on his deathbed, Masamune visited him and read him a piece of Zen poetry. Ketika Tokugawa Ieyasu di akhir hidupnya, Masamune mengunjunginya dan membacakan sepotong Zen puisi. Masamune was highly respected for his ethics ; a still-quoted aphorism is, "Rectitude carried to excess hardens into stiffness; benevolence indulged beyond measure sinks into weakness." Masamune itu sangat dihormati karena etika; yang masih pepatah dikutip adalah, "kejujuran dibawa ke kelebihan mengeras menjadi kaku; kebajikan memanjakan tak terkira tenggelam dalam kelemahan."

[ edit ] A patron of culture and Christianity [Sunting] Sebuah pelindung kebudayaan dan Kristen

Masamune expanded trade in the otherwise remote, backwater Tōhoku region. Masamune diperluas perdagangan di sebaliknya terpencil, terpencil wilayah Tohoku. Although initially faced with attacks by hostile clans, he managed to overcome them after a few defeats and eventually ruled one of the largest fiefdoms of the later Tokugawa shogunate . Meskipun pada awalnya menghadapi serangan oleh klan yang bermusuhan, ia berhasil mengalahkan mereka setelah beberapa kekalahan dan akhirnya menguasai salah satu yang terbesar fiefdoms yang kemudian Keshogunan Tokugawa. He built many palaces and worked on many projects to beautify the region. Dia membangun banyak istana dan bekerja pada banyak proyek untuk mempercantik kawasan. He is also known to have encouraged foreigners to come to his land. Ia juga diketahui telah mendorong orang asing untuk datang ke tanah. It is unlikely that Masamune himself was secretly a Christian convert. Rasanya tidak mungkin Masamune sendiri diam-diam seorang Kristen dikonversi. Even though he funded and promoted an envoy to establish relations with the Pope in Rome, he was likely motivated at least in part by a desire for foreign technology, similar to that of other lords, such as Oda Nobunaga . Bahkan meskipun ia didanai dan dipromosikan seorang utusan untuk membangun hubungan dengan Paus di Roma, ia akan termotivasi setidaknya sebagian oleh keinginan untuk teknologi asing, mirip dengan tuan-tuan lain, seperti Oda Nobunaga. Further, once Tokugawa Ieyasu outlawed Christianity, Masamune reversed his position, and though disliking it, let Ieyasu persecute Christians in his domain. Lebih lanjut, setelah Tokugawa Ieyasu melarang kekristenan, Masamune terbalik posisinya, dan meskipun tidak menyukai hal itu, biarkan Ieyasu menganiaya orang Kristen di wilayahnya. For 270 years, Tōhoku remained a place of tourism, trade and prosperity. Matsushima , for instance, a series of tiny islands, was praised for its beauty and serenity by the wandering haiku poet Matsuo Bashō . Selama 270 tahun, Tohoku tetap menjadi tempat pariwisata, perdagangan dan kemakmuran. Matsushima, misalnya, serangkaian pulau-pulau kecil, dipuji karena keindahan dan ketenangan oleh pengembara haiku penyair Matsuo Bashō.

He showed sympathy for Christian missionaries and traders in Japan. Dia menunjukkan simpati terhadap misionaris Kristen dan pedagang di Jepang. In addition to allowing them to come and preach in his province, he also released the prisoner and missionary Padre Sotelo from the hands of Tokugawa Ieyasu. Di samping memungkinkan mereka untuk datang dan berkhotbah di provinsinya, ia juga melepaskan tawanan dan misionaris Padre Sotelo dari tangan Tokugawa Ieyasu. Date Masamune allowed Sotelo as well as other missionaries to practice their religion and win converts in Tōhoku. Date Masamune diperbolehkan Sotelo serta misionaris yang lain untuk mempraktikkan agama mereka dan bertobat menang di Tohoku.

Replica of the galleon Date Maru , or San Juan Bautista , in Ishinomaki , Japan . Replika dari Galleon Tanggal Maru, atau San Juan Bautista, di Ishinomaki, Jepang.

Masamune's greatest achievement was funding and backing one of Japan's few journeys of far-flung diplomacy and exploration in this period. Masamune prestasi terbesar adalah dukungan dana dan salah satu dari beberapa perjalanan Jepang yang jauh-lemparkan diplomasi dan eksplorasi dalam periode ini. He ordered the building of the exploration ship Date Maru or San Juan Bautista , using foreign (European) ship-building techniques. Ia memerintahkan pembangunan kapal eksplorasi Tanggal Maru atau San Juan Bautista, menggunakan asing (Eropa) pembangunan kapal teknik. He sent one of his retainers, Hasekura Tsunenaga , Sotelo, and an embassy numbering 180 on a successful voyage to establish relations with the Pope in Rome . Dia mengutus salah satu pengikutnya, Hasekura Tsunenaga, Sotelo, dan kedutaan penomoran 180 pada perjalanan yang sukses untuk membangun hubungan dengan Paus di Roma. This expedition visited such places as the Philippines , Mexico , Spain and Rome, making it the first Japanese voyage to sail around the world. Ekspedisi ini mengunjungi tempat-tempat seperti di Filipina, Meksiko, Spanyol dan Roma, membuat perjalanan Jepang pertama yang berlayar di seluruh dunia. Previously, Japanese lords had never funded this sort of venture, so it was probably the first successful voyage. [ 8 ] At least five members of the expedition stayed in Coria (Seville) of Spain to avoid the persecution of Christians in Japan. Sebelumnya, tuan-tuan Jepang tidak pernah mendanai usaha semacam ini, sehingga mungkin pelayaran pertama yang berhasil. [8] Paling tidak lima anggota ekspedisi tinggal di Coria (Sevilla) dari Spanyol untuk menghindari penganiayaan terhadap umat Kristiani di Jepang. 600 of their descendants, with the surname Japón (Japan), are now living in Spain. 600 dari keturunan mereka, dengan nama Japón (Jepang), sekarang tinggal di Spanyol.

When the Tokugawa government banned Christianity, Masamune had to obey the law. Ketika pemerintah Tokugawa melarang Kekristenan, Masamune harus mematuhi hukum. However, some source suggested Masamune's eldest daughter, Iroha, was a Christian. [ 9 ] Namun, beberapa sumber menyarankan anak perempuan tertua Masamune, Iroha, adalah seorang Kristen. [9]

[ edit ] Family [Sunting] Keluarga

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